There are two major steps to make protein. First, transcription occurs. In this step, DNA is unzipped, and RNA matches the nucleotides to make a single stranded mRNA. Uracil replaces thymine. The mRNA leaves the nucleus for the cytoplasm. Second, translation occurs. The mRNA binds with a ribosome. The ribosome reads 3 bases (codons) at a time and determines with amino acid corresponds to that codon. The amino acids link together and eventually become a protein.
The mutation that causes the most harm is frameshift mutation. Substitution can be deadly, but rarely, because it only changes one amino acid and sometimes it may not change it at all. Where the mutation occurs is very important. If a deletion or insertion is made in the beginning, then all the codons in the DNA sequence after it will be moved forward or backwards. If the mutation happens towards the end, then only the codons after it will be affected. If the T we removed was near the end, then more codons would have been coded, and less would be affected. However, it was near the start, so many more codons were not coded.
The mutation I chose in step seven was a frameshift mutation, deletion, that took away the first codon. This mutation affected the proteins the most out of all the mutations, because it took away the start codon, Met (AUG). None of the proteins were made because the ribosome(s) did not start to read them. It was really important that it was near the start. If it was near the middle, all codons would be read, but some would not necessarily be the right ones. If it was near the end, then all codons would be read, and a few would be the wrong ones.
A single mutation can greatly affect a person's life. Tay-Sachs disease is a rare inherited disorder that eventually destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The most common form of Tay-Sachs disease is shown during infancy. Infants with this disorder usually appear normal until the age of 3 to 6 months, and their development slows and the muscles used for movement weaken. These infants lose necessary skills such as turning over, sitting, and crawling. They also experience intellectual disability and seizures. Children with this form of the disorder usually die during early childhood.
The mutation that causes the most harm is frameshift mutation. Substitution can be deadly, but rarely, because it only changes one amino acid and sometimes it may not change it at all. Where the mutation occurs is very important. If a deletion or insertion is made in the beginning, then all the codons in the DNA sequence after it will be moved forward or backwards. If the mutation happens towards the end, then only the codons after it will be affected. If the T we removed was near the end, then more codons would have been coded, and less would be affected. However, it was near the start, so many more codons were not coded.
The mutation I chose in step seven was a frameshift mutation, deletion, that took away the first codon. This mutation affected the proteins the most out of all the mutations, because it took away the start codon, Met (AUG). None of the proteins were made because the ribosome(s) did not start to read them. It was really important that it was near the start. If it was near the middle, all codons would be read, but some would not necessarily be the right ones. If it was near the end, then all codons would be read, and a few would be the wrong ones.
A single mutation can greatly affect a person's life. Tay-Sachs disease is a rare inherited disorder that eventually destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The most common form of Tay-Sachs disease is shown during infancy. Infants with this disorder usually appear normal until the age of 3 to 6 months, and their development slows and the muscles used for movement weaken. These infants lose necessary skills such as turning over, sitting, and crawling. They also experience intellectual disability and seizures. Children with this form of the disorder usually die during early childhood.
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